The significance of super constellation satellites is to enable high-speed Internet, which has the possibility to turn the satellite orbit of the earth into a minefield full of garbage.
At present, there are still 3 billion people in the world without access to the Internet. Elon Musk, the well-known "madman", plans to use 11,943 low-orbit satellites to meet the networking needs of this group of people and provide the earth with all-weather, high-speed, and low-cost Internet. Which is known as Starline, a satellite constellation with a final plan of more than 10,000 communication satellites to provide Internet services on the ground through the KA and KU bands. Once successful, it will bring SpaceX at least $30 billion in annual revenue.
On June 13 this year, the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket successfully launched the ninth batch of Starlink satellites at Cape Canaveral Air Force Base in Florida. This batch of "Starlink" satellites has a total of 58 small satellites. So far SpaceX has launched a total of 540 "Starlink" satellites.
Earlier, in March 2018, the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket carried two small satellites in a regular launch mission, which are the test stars of the Starlink program. One arrow of 60 stars means that SpaceX's satellite deployment process far exceeds expectations. In particular, what stimulates the nerves of the other side of the ocean is that in October 2019, the number of satellites launched by Starlink increased to 42,000. According to the planned schedule, a total of 800 satellites will provide Internet backbone network services for North America by the end of 2020.
In the future, if 42,000 satellites are in the sky, Musk will use his own efforts to increase the current density of satellites in space by 20 times. At present, the number of satellites still in orbit launched by humans is only about 2,000. Most of these 42,000 satellites will be distributed in low-Earth orbits at an altitude of more than 500 kilometers, which will divide the near-Earth outer space into small areas, with the distance between each satellite about 240 kilometers.
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Musk's electric vehicle business will also greatly benefit from Starlink. At that time, the world will be seamlessly connected, and the low-orbit satellite network will provide high-precision positioning services for the L4 autonomous driving Tesla to realize navigation enhancement functions and meet the timely feedback needs of autonomous driving for complex road conditions.
The Population in Unreachable or Underdeveloped Areas Is the Largest Potential Market
Statistics show that as of the end of 2018, 51.2% of the world's population had access to the Internet, meaning that half of the world's people were still not connected to the Internet. Among all ITU regions, Africa reported the strongest growth rate. The proportion of the population using the Internet increased from 2.1% in 2005 to 24.4% in 2018, but most of the African population still does not have access to the Internet.
96% of the world's population lives in areas covered by mobile cellular networks, and 90% of the world's population access the Internet through 3G or faster. Compared with the data that half of the world's population does not have access to the Internet, one possible answer is that the existing Internet tariffs are expensive, which is difficult for the population in poor areas to afford.
Aviation and Navigation Are Expected to Be the First Batch of Users
The low-orbit Internet constellation is expected to become another option for airlines to provide Wi-Fi services in the future. In 2018, global airlines carried 4.4 billion passengers, but most flights still cannot provide on-board Wi-Fi, and some airlines have problems such as slow Wi-Fi and traffic restrictions. Most flights that provide onboard Wi-Fi services rely on high-orbit communication satellites. After the completion of the low-orbit Internet constellation, it is expected to compete with high-orbit communication satellites.
At the beginning of 2019, there were a total of 95,402 shipping vessels worldwide. Seafarers on shipping vessels used maritime satellites to access the Internet, but the Internet penetration rate was low. It is reported that the number of cruise passengers worldwide will reach 30 million in 2019, an increase of nearly 2 million over the previous year. Shipping ships and cruise ships have a strong demand for Internet access. Besides, according to statistics, the total number of marine fishing vessels in the world in 2016 was approximately 4.6 million, which is the largest potential customer group of the low-orbit Internet constellation in the maritime field.
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Government and Defense Orders Will Be an Important Cornerstone of Constellation's Operations
The low-orbit Internet constellation can provide global uninterrupted continuous communication services, which can be used as an important supplementary means for government emergency and defense communications. Government and defense orders will be an important cornerstone of constellation operations.
Though traditional satellites are large in size and have wide coverage, they are far away from the surface, which have high latency and unstable connections. Low-orbit satellites are close to the earth's surface and have limited coverage, and a constellation formed by multiple satellites can take into account both delay and coverage. Moreover, the low-orbit Internet constellation consists of thousands of small satellites, which are launched in batches. As the low-Earth orbit resource level is limited, so the first mover can get more resources. China, Russia, the United States, and other major aerospace countries are becoming fiercely competing for high-quality low-Earth orbit frequency bands.
The Construction of Low-Orbit Internet Constellation Is Imminent, Focusing on Upstream Manufacturing
Although the low-orbit orbit resources are infinite, it will become increasingly tense after superimposing frequency resources. The late-coming disadvantage of low-orbit satellite launches will be very obvious. Currently, low-orbit Internet satellite constellation companies represented by SpaceX and OneWeb have entered in the mass deployment phase, which will occupy valuable space orbit frequency resources. China urgently needs to accelerate the construction of the low-orbit Internet satellite constellation and promote the development of the satellite industry chain.
The upstream of the low-orbit Internet constellation industry chain is satellite and ground system manufacturing, carrier rocket manufacturing, and user station manufacturing, and the midstream are satellite operations. Satellite applications such as telecom operations are downstream.
Since Satellites are the first to be built for the low-orbit Internet constellation, the satellite manufacturing industry chain and the launch vehicle industry chain will benefit first; ground systems and satellites may be constructed synchronously or follow closely, including customs stations, measurement, and control stations. After the satellite constellation and ground station are built and the system can provide services, the user station manufacturing will begin to increase. Finally, the customer scale of satellite operators is gradually expanding.
But to achieve this goal, there are still some problems that need to be resolved. Some researchers from academia are very dissatisfied with this project, believing that a large number of satellites will interfere with astronomy research. To make matters worse, with so many satellites moving in orbit, once a collision accident occurs, it may cause countless collisions like an avalanche, and eventually form thousands of pieces of space debris. Such a disaster will make it almost impossible for humans to use satellite services and conduct space exploration in the future. In September 2019, a Starlink satellite nearly collided with a weather satellite of the European Space Agency. People in a cold sweat realized that we were not ready to maintain such a large number of satellites in orbit.
In the next ten years, the fate of these giant satellite Internet constellations will determine the future of earth orbit space.
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