Hydrophobic Agent Market - Global Professional Analysis and Forecast to 2026

  • REPORT SUMMARY
  • TABLE OF CONTENTS
  • The worldwide Hydrophobic Agent market was valued at XX.0 Million US$ in 2018 and is projected to reach XX.0 Million US$ by 2026, at a CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) of 5.0% during the forecast period.

    This report presents the market size and development trends by detailing the Hydrophobic Agent market revenue, market share and growth rate from 2015-2026, and it gives a thorough analysis by various product types, applications, regions, and main participants. The market conditions (2015-2019), corporate competition pattern, corporate SWOT analysis are elaborated, and other qualitative analyses like market dynamics, market penetration, market business environment analyses, the regional regulatory scenario in the Hydrophobic Agent market will be shown in this report. In short, this report will comprehensively reveal the characteristics of Hydrophobic Agent industry and will help you to build a panoramic view of the industrial development.

    Hydrophobic Agent Market, By Type:

    • Metallic Stearates

    • Hydrophobic Polymers

    • Silicone Based Product

    • Fatty Acid Type Product

    Hydrophobic Agent Market, By Application:

    • Mortar

    • Concrete

    • Gypsum Board

    • Others

    Some of the leading players are as follows:

    • Wacker

    • Elotex

    • Baerlocher

    • Peter Greven

    • Dover Chemical

    • Sunace

    • Dow Corning

    • Evonik

    • Shanxi Sanwei

    • Shandong Xindadi

    • Kao Chemicals

    Geographically, Major regions are analyzed in details are as follows:

    • North America

    • Europe

    • Asia Pacific

    • Latin America

    • Middle East & Africa

  • Table of Contents

    1 Report Overview

    • 1.1 Product Definition and Scope

    • 1.2 PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) Analysis of Hydrophobic Agent Market

    • 1.3 Market Segment by Type

      • 1.3.1 Metallic Stearates

      • 1.3.2 Hydrophobic Polymers

      • 1.3.3 Silicone Based Product

      • 1.3.4 Fatty Acid Type Product

    • 1.4 Market Segment by Application

      • 1.4.1 Mortar

      • 1.4.2 Concrete

      • 1.4.3 Gypsum Board

      • 1.4.4 Others

    • 1.5 Market Segment by Regions

      • 1.5.1 North America Hydrophobic Agent Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

      • 1.5.2 Europe Hydrophobic Agent Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

      • 1.5.3 Asia-Pacific Hydrophobic Agent Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

      • 1.5.4 LAMEA Hydrophobic Agent Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    2 Market Trends and Competitive Landscape

    • 2.1 Market Trends and Dynamics

      • 2.1.1 Market Challenges and Restraints

      • 2.1.2 Market Opportunities and Potentials

      • 2.1.3 Mergers and Acquisitions

    • 2.2 Competitive Landscape Analysis

      • 2.2.1 Industrial Concentration Analysis

      • 2.2.2 Porter's Five Forces Analysis of the Industry

      • 2.2.3 SWOT Analysis for New Entrants

    3 Segmentation of Hydrophobic Agent Market by Types

    • 3.1 Products Development Trends of Different Types

    • 3.2 Commercial Products Types of Major Vendors

    • 3.3 Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different Types

    • 3.4 Market Size of Hydrophobic Agent by Major Types

      • 3.4.1 Metallic Stearates

      • 3.4.2 Hydrophobic Polymers

      • 3.4.3 Silicone Based Product

      • 3.4.4 Fatty Acid Type Product

    4 Segmentation of Hydrophobic Agent Market by End-Users

    • 4.1 Downstream Client Analysis by End-Users

    • 4.2 Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different End-Users

    • 4.3 Market Potential Analysis of Different End-Users

    • 4.4 Market Size of Hydrophobic Agent by Major End-Users

      • 4.4.1 Mortar

      • 4.4.2 Concrete

      • 4.4.3 Gypsum Board

      • 4.4.4 Others

    5 Market Analysis by Major Regions

    • 5.1 Global Hydrophobic Agent Production Analysis by Top Regions

    • 5.2 Global Hydrophobic Agent Consumption Analysis by Top Regions

    • 5.3 Global Hydrophobic Agent Production, Import, Consumption and Export Analysis by Regions

      • 5.3.1 North America Hydrophobic Agent Production, Import, Consumption and Export Analysis

      • 5.3.2 Europe Hydrophobic Agent Production, Import, Consumption and Export Analysis

      • 5.3.3 Asia Pacific Hydrophobic Agent Production, Import, Consumption and Export Analysis

      • 5.3.4 LAMEA Hydrophobic Agent Production, Import, Consumption and Export Analysis

    6 Product Circulation of Hydrophobic Agent Market among Top Countries

    • 6.1 Top 5 Export Countries in Hydrophobic Agent Market from 2014 to 2019

      • 6.1.1 Top 5 Export Countries’ Export Value Analysis in Hydrophobic Agent Market from 2014 to 2019

      • 6.1.2 Top 5 Export Countries’ Export Volume Analysis in Hydrophobic Agent Market from 2014 to 2019

    • 6.2 Top 5 Import Countries in Hydrophobic Agent Market from 2014 to 2019

      • 6.2.1 Top 5 Import Countries’ Import Value Analysis in Hydrophobic Agent Market from 2014 to 2019

      • 6.2.2 Top 5 Import Countries’ Import Volume Analysis in Hydrophobic Agent Market from 2014 to 2019

    • 6.3 Emerging Top 3 Export Countries Analysis

    • 6.4 Emerging Top 3 Import Countries Analysis

    7. North America Hydrophobic Agent Landscape Analysis

    • 7.1 North America Hydrophobic Agent Landscape Analysis by Top Countries

      • 7.1.1 United States Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

      • 7.1.2 Canada Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

      • 7.1.3 Mexico Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

    8. Europe Hydrophobic Agent Landscape Analysis

    • 8.1 Europe Hydrophobic Agent Landscape Analysis by Major Types

    • 8.2 Europe Hydrophobic Agent Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users

    • 8.3 Europe Hydrophobic Agent Landscape Analysis by Top Countries

      • 8.3.1 Germany Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

      • 8.3.2 UK Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

      • 8.3.3 France Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

      • 8.3.4 Italy Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

      • 8.3.5 Spain Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

      • 8.3.6 Belgium Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

      • 8.3.7 Poland Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

      • 8.3.8 Russia Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

      • 8.3.9 Turkey Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

      • 8.3.10 Netherlands Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

      • 8.3.11 Portugal Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

      • 8.3.12 Denmark Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

      • 8.3.13 Finland Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

      • 8.3.14 Iceland Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

      • 8.3.15 Norway Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

      • 8.3.16 Sweden Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

    • 8.4 Top 3 Players Profiles in Europe

    9 Asia Pacific Hydrophobic Agent Landscape Analysis

    • 9.1 Asia Pacific Hydrophobic Agent Landscape Analysis by Top Countries

      • 9.1.1 China Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

      • 9.1.2 Japan Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

      • 9.1.3 Australia and New Zealand (ANZ) Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

      • 9.1.4 India Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

      • 9.1.5 ASEAN Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

      • 9.1.6 South Korea Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

    10 LAMEA Hydrophobic Agent Landscape Analysis

    • 10.1 LAMEA Hydrophobic Agent Landscape Analysis by Top Countries

      • 10.1.1 GCC Countries Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

      • 10.1.2 Brazil Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

      • 10.1.3 North Africa Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

      • 10.1.4 South Africa Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

      • 10.1.5 Argentina Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate

    11 Major Players Profiles

    • 11.1 Wacker

      • 11.1.1 Wacker Company Profile and Recent Development

      • 11.1.2 Market Performance

      • 11.1.3 Product and Service Introduction

    • 11.2 Elotex

      • 11.2.1 Elotex Company Profile and Recent Development

      • 11.2.2 Market Performance

      • 11.2.3 Product and Service Introduction

    • 11.3 Baerlocher

      • 11.3.1 Baerlocher Company Profile and Recent Development

      • 11.3.2 Market Performance

      • 11.3.3 Product and Service Introduction

    • 11.4 Peter Greven

      • 11.4.1 Peter Greven Company Profile and Recent Development

      • 11.4.2 Market Performance

      • 11.4.3 Product and Service Introduction

    • 11.5 Dover Chemical

      • 11.5.1 Dover Chemical Company Profile and Recent Development

      • 11.5.2 Market Performance

      • 11.5.3 Product and Service Introduction

    • 11.6 Sunace

      • 11.6.1 Sunace Company Profile and Recent Development

      • 11.6.2 Market Performance

      • 11.6.3 Product and Service Introduction

    • 11.7 Dow Corning

      • 11.7.1 Dow Corning Company Profile and Recent Development

      • 11.7.2 Market Performance

      • 11.7.3 Product and Service Introduction

    • 11.8 Evonik

      • 11.8.1 Evonik Company Profile and Recent Development

      • 11.8.2 Market Performance

      • 11.8.3 Product and Service Introduction

    • 11.9 Shanxi Sanwei

      • 11.9.1 Shanxi Sanwei Company Profile and Recent Development

      • 11.9.2 Market Performance

      • 11.9.3 Product and Service Introduction

    • 11.10 Shandong Xindadi

      • 11.10.1 Shandong Xindadi Company Profile and Recent Development

      • 11.10.2 Market Performance

      • 11.10.3 Product and Service Introduction

    • 11.11 Kao Chemicals

      • 11.11.1 Kao Chemicals Company Profile and Recent Development

      • 11.11.2 Market Performance

      • 11.11.3 Product and Service Introduction

     

    The List of Tables and Figures (Totals 93 Figures and 135 Tables)

    • Figure Product Picture

    • Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Metallic Stearates

    • Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Hydrophobic Polymers

    • Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Silicone Based Product

    • Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Fatty Acid Type Product

    • Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Mortar

    • Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Concrete

    • Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Gypsum Board

    • Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Others

    • Figure North America Hydrophobic Agent Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure United States Hydrophobic Agent Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Canada Hydrophobic Agent Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Mexico Hydrophobic Agent Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Europe Hydrophobic Agent Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Germany Hydrophobic Agent Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure UK Hydrophobic Agent Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure France Hydrophobic Agent Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Italy Hydrophobic Agent Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Nordic Hydrophobic Agent Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Spain Hydrophobic Agent Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Belgium Hydrophobic Agent Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Poland Hydrophobic Agent Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Russia Hydrophobic Agent Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Turkey Hydrophobic Agent Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Asia-Pacific Hydrophobic Agent Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure China Hydrophobic Agent Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Japan Hydrophobic Agent Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Australia Hydrophobic Agent Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure India Hydrophobic Agent Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure ASEAN Hydrophobic Agent Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure South Korea Hydrophobic Agent Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure LAMEA Hydrophobic Agent Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure GCC Hydrophobic Agent Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Brazil Hydrophobic Agent Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure North Africa Hydrophobic Agent Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure South Africa Hydrophobic Agent Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Argentina Hydrophobic Agent Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Development Trends and Industry Dynamics of Hydrophobic Agent Industry

    • Figure Market Challenges and Restraints

    • Figure Market Opportunities and Potentials

    • Table Mergers and Acquisition

    • Figure Porter's Five Forces Analysis

    • Figure New Entrant SWOT Analysis

    • Table Specifications of Different Types of Hydrophobic Agent

    • Figure Development Trends of Different Types

    • Table Commercial Products Types of Major Vendors

    • Figure Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different Types

    • Table Consumption of Hydrophobic Agent by Different Types from 2014 to 2026

    • Table Consumption Share of Hydrophobic Agent by Different Types from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Metallic Stearates

    • Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Hydrophobic Polymers

    • Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Silicone Based Product

    • Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Fatty Acid Type Product

    • Table Downstream Client Analysis by End-Users

    • Figure Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different End-Users

    • Table Market Potential Analysis of Different End-Users

    • Table Consumption of Hydrophobic Agent by Different End-Users from 2014 to 2026

    • Table Consumption Share of Hydrophobic Agent by Different End-Users from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Mortar

    • Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Concrete

    • Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Gypsum Board

    • Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Others

    • Table Global Hydrophobic Agent Production by Major Regions

    • Table Global Hydrophobic Agent Production Share by Major Regions

    • Table Global Hydrophobic Agent Consumption by Major Regions

    • Table Global Hydrophobic Agent Consumption Share by Major Regions

    • Table North America Hydrophobic Agent Production, Import, Consumption and Export Analysis

    • Table Europe Hydrophobic Agent Production, Import, Consumption and Export Analysis

    • Table Asia Pacific Hydrophobic Agent Production, Import, Consumption and Export Analysis

    • Table LAMEA Hydrophobic Agent Production, Import, Consumption and Export Analysis

    • Table Top 5 Export Countries' Export Value Analysis in Hydrophobic Agent Market from 2014 to 2019

    • Table Top 5 Export Countries' Export Volume Analysis in Hydrophobic Agent Market from 2014 to 2019

    • Table Top 5 Import Countries' Import Value Analysis in Hydrophobic Agent Market from 2014 to 2019

    • Table Top 5 Import Countries' Import Volume Analysis in Hydrophobic Agent Market from 2014 to 2019

    • Figure Emerging Top 3 Export Countries Analysis

    • Figure Emerging Top 3 Import Countries Analysis

    • Table North America Hydrophobic Agent Consumption by Major Countries from 2014 to 2026

    • Table North America Hydrophobic Agent Consumption Share by Major Countries from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure North America Hydrophobic Agent Consumption Share by Major Countries in 2014

    • Figure North America Hydrophobic Agent Consumption Share by Major Countries in 2018

    • Figure North America Hydrophobic Agent Consumption Share by Major Countries in 2026

    • Figure United States Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Canada Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Mexico Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Table Europe Hydrophobic Agent Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026

    • Table Europe Hydrophobic Agent Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026

    • Table Europe Hydrophobic Agent Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026

    • Table Europe Hydrophobic Agent Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026

    • Table Europe Hydrophobic Agent Consumption by Major Countries from 2014 to 2026

    • Table Europe Hydrophobic Agent Consumption Share by Major Countries from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Germany Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure UK Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure France Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Italy Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Nordic Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Spain Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Belgium Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Poland Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Russia Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Turkey Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Netherlands Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Portugal Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Denmark Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Finland Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Iceland Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Norway Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Sweden Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Table Asia Pacific Hydrophobic Agent Consumption by Major Countries from 2014 to 2026

    • Table Asia Pacific Hydrophobic Agent Consumption Share by Major Countries from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure China Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Japan Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Australia Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure India Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure ASEAN Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure South Korea Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Table Latin America, Middle East & Africa Hydrophobic Agent Consumption by Major Countries from 2014 to 2026

    • Table Latin America, Middle East & Africa Hydrophobic Agent Consumption Share by Major Countries from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure GCC Countries Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Brazil Countries Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure North Africa Countries Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure South Africa Countries Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Figure Argentina Countries Hydrophobic Agent Market Volume and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026

    • Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Wacker

    • Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Wacker

    • Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Wacker

    • Table Product and Service Introduction of Wacker

    • Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Elotex

    • Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Elotex

    • Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Elotex

    • Table Product and Service Introduction of Elotex

    • Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Baerlocher

    • Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Baerlocher

    • Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Baerlocher

    • Table Product and Service Introduction of Baerlocher

    • Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Peter Greven

    • Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Peter Greven

    • Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Peter Greven

    • Table Product and Service Introduction of Peter Greven

    • Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Dover Chemical

    • Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Dover Chemical

    • Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Dover Chemical

    • Table Product and Service Introduction of Dover Chemical

    • Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Sunace

    • Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Sunace

    • Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Sunace

    • Table Product and Service Introduction of Sunace

    • Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Dow Corning

    • Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Dow Corning

    • Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Dow Corning

    • Table Product and Service Introduction of Dow Corning

    • Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Evonik

    • Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Evonik

    • Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Evonik

    • Table Product and Service Introduction of Evonik

    • Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Shanxi Sanwei

    • Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Shanxi Sanwei

    • Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Shanxi Sanwei

    • Table Product and Service Introduction of Shanxi Sanwei

    • Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Shandong Xindadi

    • Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Shandong Xindadi

    • Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Shandong Xindadi

    • Table Product and Service Introduction of Shandong Xindadi

    • Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Kao Chemicals

    • Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Kao Chemicals

    • Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Kao Chemicals

    • Table Product and Service Introduction of Kao Chemicals

Report Version Choose

Report

BUY NOW

Our Customers

Beyond grateful for the confidence and support from all partners and customers.A win-win situation is our ultimate pursuit.

Beyond Consulting, Future is Feasible

We provide more professional and intelligent market reports to complement your business decisions.