- REPORT SUMMARY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
-
This report offers an overview of the market trends, drivers, and barriers with respect to the Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion market. It also provides a detailed overview of the market of different regions across Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto, Chubu, Kinki, Chugoku, Shikoku, Kyushu. The report deep analyzes type and application in Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion market. Detailed analysis of key players, along with key growth strategies adopted by Aqueous PU Dispersion industry, the PEST and SWOT analysis are also included. In short, the report will provide a comprehensive view of the industry's development and features.
By Player:
Mitsui Chemicals Inc
BASF.
Baxenden Chemicals Ltd
Hauthaway Corporation.
Dow Chemical Company
Cytec Industries Inc
Chemtura Corporation.
Alberdingk Boley Inc
Lubrizol
Bayer MaterialScience.
By Type:
Component Polyurethane
Two-component Polyurethane
Urethane Modified
By End-User:
Coating And Adhesive
Textile Finishing
Natural Leather Finishing
Synthetic Leather
Others
By Region:
-
Hokkaido
-
Tohoku
-
Kanto
-
Chubu
-
Kinki
-
Chugoku
-
Shikoku
-
Kyushu
1 Report Overview
-
1.1 Product Definition and Scope
-
1.2 PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) Analysis of Aqueous PU Dispersion Market
-
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Market Size and Growth Rate of Component Polyurethane from 2014 to 2026
1.3.2 Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Market Size and Growth Rate of Two-component Polyurethane from 2014 to 2026
1.3.3 Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Market Size and Growth Rate of Urethane Modified from 2014 to 2026
-
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Market Size and Growth Rate of Coating And Adhesive from 2014 to 2026
1.4.2 Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Market Size and Growth Rate of Textile Finishing from 2014 to 2026
1.4.3 Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Market Size and Growth Rate of Natural Leather Finishing from 2014 to 2026
1.4.4 Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Market Size and Growth Rate of Synthetic Leather from 2014 to 2026
1.4.5 Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Market Size and Growth Rate of Others from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5 Market Segment by Regions
-
1.5.1 Hokkaido Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.2 Tohoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.3 Kanto Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.4 Chubu Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.5 Kinki Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.6 Chugoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.7 Shikoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
1.5.8 Kyushu Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
2 Market Trends and Competitive Landscape
-
2.1 Market Trends and Dynamics
-
2.1.1 Market Challenges and Restraints
-
2.1.2 Market Opportunities and Potentials
-
2.1.3 Mergers and Acquisitions
-
2.2 Competitive Landscape Analysis
-
2.2.1 Industrial Concentration Analysis
-
2.2.2 Porter's Five Forces Analysis of the Industry
-
2.2.3 SWOT Analysis for New Entrants
3 Segmentation of Aqueous PU Dispersion Market by Types
-
3.1 Products Development Trends of Different Types
-
3.2 Commercial Products Types of Major Vendors
-
3.3 Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different Types
-
3.4 Market Size of Aqueous PU Dispersion by Major Types
3.4.1 Market Size and Growth Rate of Component Polyurethane
3.4.2 Market Size and Growth Rate of Two-component Polyurethane
3.4.3 Market Size and Growth Rate of Urethane Modified
4 Segmentation of Aqueous PU Dispersion Market by End-Users
-
4.1 Downstream Client Analysis by End-Users
-
4.2 Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different End-Users
-
4.3 Market Potential Analysis of Different End-Users
-
4.4 Market Size of Aqueous PU Dispersion by Major End-Users
4.4.1 Market Size and Growth Rate of Aqueous PU Dispersion in Coating And Adhesive
4.4.2 Market Size and Growth Rate of Aqueous PU Dispersion in Textile Finishing
4.4.3 Market Size and Growth Rate of Aqueous PU Dispersion in Natural Leather Finishing
4.4.4 Market Size and Growth Rate of Aqueous PU Dispersion in Synthetic Leather
4.4.5 Market Size and Growth Rate of Aqueous PU Dispersion in Others
5 Market Analysis by Regions
-
5.1 Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Production Analysis by Regions
-
5.2 Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Analysis by Regions
6 Hokkaido Aqueous PU Dispersion Landscape Analysis
-
6.1 Hokkaido Aqueous PU Dispersion Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
6.2 Hokkaido Aqueous PU Dispersion Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
7 Tohoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Landscape Analysis
-
7.1 Tohoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
7.2 Tohoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
8 Kanto Aqueous PU Dispersion Landscape Analysis
-
8.1 Kanto Aqueous PU Dispersion Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
8.2 Kanto Aqueous PU Dispersion Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
9 Chubu Aqueous PU Dispersion Landscape Analysis
-
9.1 Chubu Aqueous PU Dispersion Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
9.2 Chubu Aqueous PU Dispersion Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
10 Kinki Aqueous PU Dispersion Landscape Analysis
-
10.1 Kinki Aqueous PU Dispersion Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
10.2 Kinki Aqueous PU Dispersion Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
11 Chugoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Landscape Analysis
-
11.1 Chugoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
11.2 Chugoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
12 Shikoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Landscape Analysis
-
12.1 Shikoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
12.2 Shikoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
13 Kyushu Aqueous PU Dispersion Landscape Analysis
-
13.1 Kyushu Aqueous PU Dispersion Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
13.2 Kyushu Aqueous PU Dispersion Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
14 Major Players Profiles
14.1 Mitsui Chemicals Inc
14.1.1 Mitsui Chemicals Inc Company Profile and Recent Development
14.1.2 Market Performance
14.1.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.2 BASF.
14.2.1 BASF. Company Profile and Recent Development
14.2.2 Market Performance
14.2.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.3 Baxenden Chemicals Ltd
14.3.1 Baxenden Chemicals Ltd Company Profile and Recent Development
14.3.2 Market Performance
14.3.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.4 Hauthaway Corporation.
14.4.1 Hauthaway Corporation. Company Profile and Recent Development
14.4.2 Market Performance
14.4.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.5 Dow Chemical Company
14.5.1 Dow Chemical Company Company Profile and Recent Development
14.5.2 Market Performance
14.5.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.6 Cytec Industries Inc
14.6.1 Cytec Industries Inc Company Profile and Recent Development
14.6.2 Market Performance
14.6.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.7 Chemtura Corporation.
14.7.1 Chemtura Corporation. Company Profile and Recent Development
14.7.2 Market Performance
14.7.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.8 Alberdingk Boley Inc
14.8.1 Alberdingk Boley Inc Company Profile and Recent Development
14.8.2 Market Performance
14.8.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.9 Lubrizol
14.9.1 Lubrizol Company Profile and Recent Development
14.9.2 Market Performance
14.9.3 Product and Service Introduction
14.10 Bayer MaterialScience.
14.10.1 Bayer MaterialScience. Company Profile and Recent Development
14.10.2 Market Performance
14.10.3 Product and Service Introduction
The List of Tables and Figures (Totals 80 Figures and 158 Tables)
Figure Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Market Size and Growth Rate of Component Polyurethane from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Market Size and Growth Rate of Two-component Polyurethane from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Market Size and Growth Rate of Urethane Modified from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Market Share by Type in 2014
-
Figure Market Share by Type in 2018
-
Figure Market Share by Type in 2026
Figure Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Market Size and Growth Rate of Coating And Adhesive from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Market Size and Growth Rate of Textile Finishing from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Market Size and Growth Rate of Natural Leather Finishing from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Market Size and Growth Rate of Synthetic Leather from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Market Size and Growth Rate of Others from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Market Share by End-User in 2014
-
Figure Market Share by End-User in 2018
-
Figure Market Share by End-User in 2026
-
Figure Hokkaido Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Tohoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kanto Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chubu Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kinki Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chugoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Shikoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kyushu Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Development Trends and Industry Dynamics of Aqueous PU Dispersion Industry
-
Figure Market Challenges and Restraints
-
Figure Market Opportunities and Potentials
-
Table Mergers and Acquisition
-
Figure Market Share of TOP 3 Players in 2018
-
Figure Market Share of TOP 5 Players in 2018
-
Figure Market Share of TOP 6 Players from 2014 to 2019
-
Figure Porter's Five Forces Analysis
-
Figure New Entrant SWOT Analysis
-
Table Specifications of Different Types of Aqueous PU Dispersion
-
Figure Development Trends of Different Types
-
Table Commercial Products Types of Major Vendors
-
Figure Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different Types
-
Table Consumption of Aqueous PU Dispersion by Different Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Consumption Share of Aqueous PU Dispersion by Different Types from 2014 to 2026
Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Component Polyurethane
Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Two-component Polyurethane
Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Urethane Modified
-
Table Downstream Client Analysis by End-Users
-
Figure Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different End-Users
-
Table Market Potential Analysis of Different End-Users
-
Table Consumption of Aqueous PU Dispersion by Different End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Consumption Share of Aqueous PU Dispersion by Different End-Users from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Market Size and Growth Rate of Coating And Adhesive from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Market Size and Growth Rate of Textile Finishing from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Market Size and Growth Rate of Natural Leather Finishing from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Market Size and Growth Rate of Synthetic Leather from 2014 to 2026
Figure Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Market Size and Growth Rate of Others from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Production by Regions
-
Table Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Production Share by Regions
-
Figure Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Production Share by Regions in 2014
-
Figure Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Production Share by Regions in 2018
-
Figure Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Production Share by Regions in 2026
-
Table Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption by Regions
-
Table Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Regions
-
Figure Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Regions in 2014
-
Figure Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Regions in 2018
-
Figure Japan Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Regions in 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Hokkaido Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Hokkaido Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Hokkaido Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Hokkaido Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Hokkaido Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Hokkaido Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Hokkaido Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Tohoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Tohoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Tohoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Tohoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Tohoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Tohoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Tohoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Tohoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Tohoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Tohoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Kanto Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kanto Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kanto Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Kanto Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Kanto Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Kanto Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kanto Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kanto Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Kanto Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Kanto Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Chubu Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chubu Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chubu Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Chubu Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Chubu Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Chubu Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chubu Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chubu Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Chubu Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Chubu Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Kinki Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kinki Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kinki Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Kinki Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Kinki Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Kinki Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kinki Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kinki Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Kinki Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Kinki Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Chugoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chugoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chugoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Chugoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Chugoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Chugoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Chugoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Chugoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Chugoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Chugoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Shikoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Shikoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Shikoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Shikoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Shikoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Shikoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Shikoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Shikoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Shikoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Shikoku Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
-
Table Kyushu Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kyushu Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kyushu Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types in 2014
-
Figure Kyushu Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types in 2018
-
Figure Kyushu Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by Types in 2026
-
Table Kyushu Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Table Kyushu Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users from 2014 to 2026
-
Figure Kyushu Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users in 2014
-
Figure Kyushu Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users in 2018
-
Figure Kyushu Aqueous PU Dispersion Consumption Share by End-Users in 2026
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Mitsui Chemicals Inc
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Mitsui Chemicals Inc
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Mitsui Chemicals Inc
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Mitsui Chemicals Inc
Table Product and Service Introduction of Mitsui Chemicals Inc
Table Company Profile and Development Status of BASF.
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of BASF.
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of BASF.
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of BASF.
Table Product and Service Introduction of BASF.
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Baxenden Chemicals Ltd
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Baxenden Chemicals Ltd
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Baxenden Chemicals Ltd
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Baxenden Chemicals Ltd
Table Product and Service Introduction of Baxenden Chemicals Ltd
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Hauthaway Corporation.
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Hauthaway Corporation.
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Hauthaway Corporation.
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Hauthaway Corporation.
Table Product and Service Introduction of Hauthaway Corporation.
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Dow Chemical Company
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Dow Chemical Company
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Dow Chemical Company
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Dow Chemical Company
Table Product and Service Introduction of Dow Chemical Company
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Cytec Industries Inc
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Cytec Industries Inc
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Cytec Industries Inc
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Cytec Industries Inc
Table Product and Service Introduction of Cytec Industries Inc
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Chemtura Corporation.
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Chemtura Corporation.
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Chemtura Corporation.
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Chemtura Corporation.
Table Product and Service Introduction of Chemtura Corporation.
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Alberdingk Boley Inc
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Alberdingk Boley Inc
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Alberdingk Boley Inc
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Alberdingk Boley Inc
Table Product and Service Introduction of Alberdingk Boley Inc
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Lubrizol
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Lubrizol
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Lubrizol
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Lubrizol
Table Product and Service Introduction of Lubrizol
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Bayer MaterialScience.
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Bayer MaterialScience.
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Bayer MaterialScience.
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Bayer MaterialScience.
Table Product and Service Introduction of Bayer MaterialScience.
-