- REPORT SUMMARY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
-
This report offers an overview of the market trends, drivers, and barriers with respect to the China Insert Automotive Thermostat market. It also provides a detailed overview of the market of different regions across North China, Central China, South China, East China, Northeast China, Southwest China, Northwest China. The report deep analyzes type and application in China Insert Automotive Thermostat market. Detailed analysis of key players, along with key growth strategies adopted by Insert Automotive Thermostat industry, the PEST and SWOT analysis are also included. In short, the report will provide a comprehensive view of the industry's development and features.
By Player:
Shengguang
Ningbo Xingci Thermal
Vernet
Gates
TAMA
BG Automotive
Stant
Borgwarner
Mahle
Kirpart
Dongfeng-Fuji-Thomson
Magal
Wantai Auto Electric
Fishman TT
Temb
Nippon Thermostat
Hella
By Type:
Standard Automotive Thermostat
MAP-Controlled Automotive Thermostat
By End-User:
Passenger Vehicle
Commercial Vehicle
By Region:
-
North China
-
Central China
-
South China
-
East China
-
Northeast China
-
Southwest China
-
Northwest China
TABLE OF CONTENT
1 Report Overview
-
1.1 Product Definition and Scope
-
1.2 PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) Analysis of Insert Automotive Thermostat Market
-
1.3 Market Segment by Type
-
1.3.1 China Insert Automotive Thermostat Market Size and Growth Rate of Standard Automotive Thermostat from 2016 to 2027
-
1.3.2 China Insert Automotive Thermostat Market Size and Growth Rate of MAP-Controlled Automotive Thermostat from 2016 to 2027
-
1.4 Market Segment by Application
-
1.4.1 China Insert Automotive Thermostat Market Size and Growth Rate of Passenger Vehicle from 2016 to 2027
-
1.4.2 China Insert Automotive Thermostat Market Size and Growth Rate of Commercial Vehicle from 2016 to 2027
-
1.5 Market Segment by Regions
-
1.5.1 North China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2016 to 2027
-
1.5.2 Central China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2016 to 2027
-
1.5.3 South China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2016 to 2027
-
1.5.4 East China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2016 to 2027
-
1.5.5 Northeast China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2016 to 2027
-
1.5.6 Southwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2016 to 2027
-
1.5.7 Northwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2016 to 2027
2 Market Trends and Competitive Landscape
-
2.1 Market Trends and Dynamics
-
2.1.1 Market Challenges and Restraints
-
2.1.2 Market Opportunities and Potentials
-
2.1.3 Mergers and Acquisitions
-
2.2 Competitive Landscape Analysis
-
2.2.1 Industrial Concentration Analysis
-
2.2.2 Porter's Five Forces Analysis of the Industry
-
2.2.3 SWOT Analysis for New Entrants
-
2.3 Coronavirus (COVID-19) Distribution and its Impact on the Industry
3 Segmentation of Insert Automotive Thermostat Market by Types
-
3.1 Products Development Trends of Different Types
-
3.2 Commercial Products Types of Major Vendors
-
3.3 Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different Types
-
3.4 Market Size of Insert Automotive Thermostat by Major Types
-
3.4.1 Market Size and Growth Rate of Standard Automotive Thermostat
-
3.4.2 Market Size and Growth Rate of MAP-Controlled Automotive Thermostat
4 Segmentation of Insert Automotive Thermostat Market by End-Users
-
4.1 Downstream Client Analysis by End-Users
-
4.2 Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different End-Users
-
4.3 Market Potential Analysis of Different End-Users
-
4.4 Market Size of Insert Automotive Thermostat by Major End-Users
-
4.4.1 Market Size and Growth Rate of Insert Automotive Thermostat in Passenger Vehicle
-
4.4.2 Market Size and Growth Rate of Insert Automotive Thermostat in Commercial Vehicle
5 Market Analysis by Regions
-
5.1 China Insert Automotive Thermostat Production Analysis by Regions
-
5.2 China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Analysis by Regions
-
5.3 Coronavirus (COVID-19) Impact on China Economy
6 North China Insert Automotive Thermostat Landscape Analysis
-
6.1 North China Insert Automotive Thermostat Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
6.2 North China Insert Automotive Thermostat Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
7 Central China Insert Automotive Thermostat Landscape Analysis
-
7.1 Central China Insert Automotive Thermostat Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
7.2 Central China Insert Automotive Thermostat Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
8 South China Insert Automotive Thermostat Landscape Analysis
-
8.1 South China Insert Automotive Thermostat Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
8.2 South China Insert Automotive Thermostat Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
9 East China Insert Automotive Thermostat Landscape Analysis
-
9.1 East China Insert Automotive Thermostat Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
9.2 East China Insert Automotive Thermostat Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
10 Northeast China Insert Automotive Thermostat Landscape Analysis
-
10.1 Northeast China Insert Automotive Thermostat Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
10.2 Northeast China Insert Automotive Thermostat Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
11 Southwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Landscape Analysis
-
11.1 Southwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
11.2 Southwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
12 Northwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Landscape Analysis
-
12.1 Northwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Landscape Analysis by Major Types
-
12.2 Northwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Landscape Analysis by Major End-Users
13 Major Players Profiles
-
13.1 Shengguang
-
13.1.1 Shengguang Company Profile and Recent Development
-
13.1.2 Market Performance
-
13.1.3 Product and Service Introduction
-
13.2 Ningbo Xingci Thermal
-
13.2.1 Ningbo Xingci Thermal Company Profile and Recent Development
-
13.2.2 Market Performance
-
13.2.3 Product and Service Introduction
-
13.3 Vernet
-
13.3.1 Vernet Company Profile and Recent Development
-
13.3.2 Market Performance
-
13.3.3 Product and Service Introduction
-
13.4 Gates
-
13.4.1 Gates Company Profile and Recent Development
-
13.4.2 Market Performance
-
13.4.3 Product and Service Introduction
-
13.5 TAMA
-
13.5.1 TAMA Company Profile and Recent Development
-
13.5.2 Market Performance
-
13.5.3 Product and Service Introduction
-
13.6 BG Automotive
-
13.6.1 BG Automotive Company Profile and Recent Development
-
13.6.2 Market Performance
-
13.6.3 Product and Service Introduction
-
13.7 Stant
-
13.7.1 Stant Company Profile and Recent Development
-
13.7.2 Market Performance
-
13.7.3 Product and Service Introduction
-
13.8 Borgwarner
-
13.8.1 Borgwarner Company Profile and Recent Development
-
13.8.2 Market Performance
-
13.8.3 Product and Service Introduction
-
13.9 Mahle
-
13.9.1 Mahle Company Profile and Recent Development
-
13.9.2 Market Performance
-
13.9.3 Product and Service Introduction
-
13.10 Kirpart
-
13.10.1 Kirpart Company Profile and Recent Development
-
13.10.2 Market Performance
-
13.10.3 Product and Service Introduction
-
13.11 Dongfeng-Fuji-Thomson
-
13.11.1 Dongfeng-Fuji-Thomson Company Profile and Recent Development
-
13.11.2 Market Performance
-
13.11.3 Product and Service Introduction
-
13.12 Magal
-
13.12.1 Magal Company Profile and Recent Development
-
13.12.2 Market Performance
-
13.12.3 Product and Service Introduction
-
13.13 Wantai Auto Electric
-
13.13.1 Wantai Auto Electric Company Profile and Recent Development
-
13.13.2 Market Performance
-
13.13.3 Product and Service Introduction
-
13.14 Fishman TT
-
13.14.1 Fishman TT Company Profile and Recent Development
-
13.14.2 Market Performance
-
13.14.3 Product and Service Introduction
-
13.15 Temb
-
13.15.1 Temb Company Profile and Recent Development
-
13.15.2 Market Performance
-
13.15.3 Product and Service Introduction
-
13.16 Nippon Thermostat
-
13.16.1 Nippon Thermostat Company Profile and Recent Development
-
13.16.2 Market Performance
-
13.16.3 Product and Service Introduction
-
13.17 Hella
-
13.17.1 Hella Company Profile and Recent Development
-
13.17.2 Market Performance
-
13.17.3 Product and Service Introduction
The List of Tables and Figures
-
Figure Product Picture
-
Figure China Insert Automotive Thermostat Market Size and Growth Rate of Standard Automotive Thermostat from 2016 to 2027
-
Figure China Insert Automotive Thermostat Market Size and Growth Rate of MAP-Controlled Automotive Thermostat from 2016 to 2027
-
Figure Market Share by Type in 2016
-
Figure Market Share by Type in 2021
-
Figure Market Share by Type in 2027
-
Figure China Insert Automotive Thermostat Market Size and Growth Rate of Passenger Vehicle from 2016 to 2027
-
Figure China Insert Automotive Thermostat Market Size and Growth Rate of Commercial Vehicle from 2016 to 2027
-
Figure Market Share by End-User in 2016
-
Figure Market Share by End-User in 2021
-
Figure Market Share by End-User in 2027
-
Figure North China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2016 to 2027
-
Figure Central China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2016 to 2027
-
Figure South China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2016 to 2027
-
Figure East China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2016 to 2027
-
Figure Northeast China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2016 to 2027
-
Figure Southwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2016 to 2027
-
Figure Northwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Market Size and Growth Rate from 2016 to 2027
-
Figure Development Trends and Industry Dynamics of Insert Automotive Thermostat Industry
-
Figure Market Challenges and Restraints
-
Figure Market Opportunities and Potentials
-
Table Mergers and Acquisition
-
Figure Market Share of TOP 3 Players in 2020
-
Figure Market Share of TOP 5 Players in 2021
-
Figure Market Share of TOP 6 Players from 2016 to 2021
-
Figure Porter's Five Forces Analysis
-
Figure New Entrant SWOT Analysis
-
Figure Coronavirus (COVID-19) Map of China
-
Table Coronavirus (COVID-19) Impact on the Industry
-
Figure Specifications of Different Types of Insert Automotive Thermostat
-
Figure Development Trends of Different Types
-
Table Commercial Products Types of Major Vendors
-
Figure Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different Types
-
Table Consumption of Insert Automotive Thermostat by Different Types from 2016 to 2027
-
Table Consumption Share of Insert Automotive Thermostat by Different Types from 2016 to 2027
-
Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Standard Automotive Thermostat
-
Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of MAP-Controlled Automotive Thermostat
-
Table Downstream Client Analysis by End-Users
-
Figure Competitive Landscape Analysis of Different End-Users
-
Table Market Potential Analysis of Different End-Users
-
Figure Consumption of Insert Automotive Thermostat by Different End-Users from 2016 to 2027
-
Table Consumption Share of Insert Automotive Thermostat by Different End-Users from 2016 to 2027
-
Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Passenger Vehicle
-
Figure Market Size and Growth Rate of Commercial Vehicle
-
Table China Insert Automotive Thermostat Production by Regions
-
Table China Insert Automotive Thermostat Production Share by Regions
-
Figure China Insert Automotive Thermostat Production Share by Regions in 2016
-
Figure China Insert Automotive Thermostat Production Share by Regions in 2021
-
Figure China Insert Automotive Thermostat Production Share by Regions in 2027
-
Table China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption by Regions
-
Table China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Regions
-
Figure China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Regions in 2016
-
Figure China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Regions in 2021
-
Figure China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Regions in 2027
-
Table North China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption by Types from 2016 to 2027
-
Table North China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Types from 2016 to 2027
-
Figure North China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Types in 2016
-
Figure North China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Types in 2021
-
Figure North China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Types in 2027
-
Table North China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption by End-Users from 2016 to 2027
-
Table North China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by End-Users from 2016 to 2027
-
Figure North China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by End-Users in 2016
-
Figure North China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by End-Users in 2021
-
Figure North China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by End-Users in 2027
-
Table Central China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption by Types from 2016 to 2027
-
Table Central China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Types from 2016 to 2027
-
Figure Central China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Types in 2016
-
Figure Central China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Types in 2021
-
Figure Central China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Types in 2027
-
Table Central China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption by End-Users from 2016 to 2027
-
Table Central China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by End-Users from 2016 to 2027
-
Figure Central China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by End-Users in 2016
-
Figure Central China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by End-Users in 2021
-
Figure Central China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by End-Users in 2027
-
Table South China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption by Types from 2016 to 2027
-
Table South China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Types from 2016 to 2027
-
Figure South China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Types in 2016
-
Figure South China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Types in 2021
-
Figure South China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Types in 2027
-
Table South China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption by End-Users from 2016 to 2027
-
Table South China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by End-Users from 2016 to 2027
-
Figure South China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by End-Users in 2016
-
Figure South China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by End-Users in 2021
-
Figure South China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by End-Users in 2027
-
Table East China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption by Types from 2016 to 2027
-
Table East China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Types from 2016 to 2027
-
Figure East China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Types in 2016
-
Figure East China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Types in 2021
-
Figure East China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Types in 2027
-
Table East China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption by End-Users from 2016 to 2027
-
Table East China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by End-Users from 2016 to 2027
-
Figure East China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by End-Users in 2016
-
Figure East China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by End-Users in 2021
-
Figure East China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by End-Users in 2027
-
Table Northeast China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption by Types from 2016 to 2027
-
Table Northeast China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Types from 2016 to 2027
-
Figure Northeast China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Types in 2016
-
Figure Northeast China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Types in 2021
-
Figure Northeast China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Types in 2027
-
Table Northeast China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption by End-Users from 2016 to 2027
-
Table Northeast China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by End-Users from 2016 to 2027
-
Figure Northeast China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by End-Users in 2016
-
Figure Northeast China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by End-Users in 2021
-
Figure Northeast China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by End-Users in 2027
-
Table Southwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption by Types from 2016 to 2027
-
Table Southwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Types from 2016 to 2027
-
Figure Southwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Types in 2016
-
Figure Southwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Types in 2021
-
Figure Southwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Types in 2027
-
Table Southwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption by End-Users from 2016 to 2027
-
Table Southwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by End-Users from 2016 to 2027
-
Figure Southwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by End-Users in 2016
-
Figure Southwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by End-Users in 2021
-
Figure Southwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by End-Users in 2027
-
Table Northwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption by Types from 2016 to 2027
-
Table Northwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Types from 2016 to 2027
-
Figure Northwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Types in 2016
-
Figure Northwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Types in 2021
-
Figure Northwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by Types in 2027
-
Table Northwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption by End-Users from 2016 to 2027
-
Table Northwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by End-Users from 2016 to 2027
-
Figure Northwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by End-Users in 2016
-
Figure Northwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by End-Users in 2021
-
Figure Northwest China Insert Automotive Thermostat Consumption Share by End-Users in 2027
-
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Shengguang
-
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Shengguang
-
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Shengguang
-
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Shengguang
-
Table Product and Service Introduction of Shengguang
-
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Ningbo Xingci Thermal
-
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Ningbo Xingci Thermal
-
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Ningbo Xingci Thermal
-
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Ningbo Xingci Thermal
-
Table Product and Service Introduction of Ningbo Xingci Thermal
-
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Vernet
-
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Vernet
-
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Vernet
-
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Vernet
-
Table Product and Service Introduction of Vernet
-
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Gates
-
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Gates
-
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Gates
-
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Gates
-
Table Product and Service Introduction of Gates
-
Table Company Profile and Development Status of TAMA
-
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of TAMA
-
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of TAMA
-
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of TAMA
-
Table Product and Service Introduction of TAMA
-
Table Company Profile and Development Status of BG Automotive
-
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of BG Automotive
-
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of BG Automotive
-
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of BG Automotive
-
Table Product and Service Introduction of BG Automotive
-
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Stant
-
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Stant
-
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Stant
-
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Stant
-
Table Product and Service Introduction of Stant
-
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Borgwarner
-
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Borgwarner
-
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Borgwarner
-
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Borgwarner
-
Table Product and Service Introduction of Borgwarner
-
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Mahle
-
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Mahle
-
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Mahle
-
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Mahle
-
Table Product and Service Introduction of Mahle
-
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Kirpart
-
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Kirpart
-
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Kirpart
-
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Kirpart
-
Table Product and Service Introduction of Kirpart
-
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Dongfeng-Fuji-Thomson
-
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Dongfeng-Fuji-Thomson
-
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Dongfeng-Fuji-Thomson
-
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Dongfeng-Fuji-Thomson
-
Table Product and Service Introduction of Dongfeng-Fuji-Thomson
-
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Magal
-
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Magal
-
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Magal
-
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Magal
-
Table Product and Service Introduction of Magal
-
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Wantai Auto Electric
-
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Wantai Auto Electric
-
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Wantai Auto Electric
-
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Wantai Auto Electric
-
Table Product and Service Introduction of Wantai Auto Electric
-
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Fishman TT
-
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Fishman TT
-
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Fishman TT
-
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Fishman TT
-
Table Product and Service Introduction of Fishman TT
-
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Temb
-
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Temb
-
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Temb
-
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Temb
-
Table Product and Service Introduction of Temb
-
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Nippon Thermostat
-
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Nippon Thermostat
-
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Nippon Thermostat
-
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Nippon Thermostat
-
Table Product and Service Introduction of Nippon Thermostat
-
Table Company Profile and Development Status of Hella
-
Table Sales, Revenue, Sales Price and Gross Margin Analysis of Hella
-
Figure Sales and Growth Rate Analysis of Hella
-
Figure Revenue and Market Share Analysis of Hella
-
Table Product and Service Introduction of Hella
-