As traditional communication with security flaws cannot meet requirements for high confidentiality, quantum communication that cannot be attacked by hackers becomes a rising star under the situation where information safety has been playing a pretty significant role. Besides, a quantum computer can settle the problems that classic machines cannot, thus, quantum computing has been a focus to get priority development in many countries, which is considered as the most representative technology in the new quantum revolution.
In China, quantum technology has unsurprisingly attracted attention from the top of the country. It was reported on October 17 that the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held the 24th collective study on "Quantum Technology Research and Application Prospects" on October 16, which is the first time that quantum technology has entered the collective attention of the highest decision-making level in China at the public level. The general secretary emphasized that it is necessary to fully understand the importance and urgency of promoting the development of quantum technology, strengthen the strategic planning and system layout of quantum technology development, and grasp the general trend, which fully reflects the great importance of the central government and the country to quantum technology.
Quantum mechanics was born at the beginning of the 20th century, which is a branch of physics that studies the laws of motion of microscopic particles in the material world. If a physical quantity has the smallest indivisible basic unit, this physical quantity is quantized. Quantum technology is based on the principles of quantum mechanics, combined with cybernetics in engineering, computer science, and electronics methods to achieve effective control of quantum systems. On the one hand, researching quantum technology will help people understand the basic scientific issues of quantum physics at a deeper level, greatly broadening the research direction of quantum mechanics. On the other hand, it will also forcefully promote the application of laboratory technology to industrialization. In more than one hundred years, many major inventions such as atomic bombs, lasers, transistors, nuclear magnetic resonance, and global satellite positioning systems have been born, which have changed the face of the world.
In the past two decades, quantum technology has made tremendous progress, which has gradually moved from experiments in quantum physics research to interdisciplinary industrial applications. The current quantum technology can be roughly divided into the following four fields, including quantum communication, quantum computing, quantum simulation, quantum sensing, and metrology. Among them, the most representative ones are quantum communication and quantum computing, both of which are also strategic and technological highlands that the major powers focus on at this stage.
Quantum Communication: Protective Shield for Information Security Transmission
Quantum communication is a new communication method that uses quantum superposition and entanglement effects to transmit information. Based on uncertainty and measurement collapse in quantum mechanics, it provides an absolute security guarantee that cannot be eavesdropped on and calculated.
Compared with classical communication, quantum communication shows unique advantages in terms of security. The reason why quantum communication can be confidential is that the key to quantum encryption is random. Even if it is intercepted by the thief, the correct key cannot be obtained, so the information cannot be decrypted. Besides, there are two entangled particles in the hands of the communicating parties, one of which occurs changes in quantum state, the quantum state of the other party will immediately change accordingly, called "ghostly super-distance action" by Einstein, and according to quantum theory that any macroscopic observation and interference will immediately change the quantum state, the information obtained by the stealer due to interference has been destroyed, not the original information.
In recent years, China's quantum communication technology has made many breakthroughs. In August 2016, China launched the world's first self-developed space quantum science experimental satellite "Mozi". Since then, Chinese researchers have used quantum satellites to successfully achieve a thousand-kilometer-level two-way quantum satellite. Entanglement distribution and other results. In 2017, the world's first quantum secure communication backbone network "Beijing-Shanghai Mainline" project passed the general technical acceptance.
Quantum Computing: The Heart of Future Computing Technology
Compared with classical calculations, quantum calculations show amazing efficiency. A bit in a traditional computer can only be one of 0 or 1 at a certain time, but in a quantum computer, due to the existence of a quantum superposition state, a qubit can record two states of 0 and 1 at the same time, such 7 quantum states can represent 128 states or 128 numbers at the same time. A transmission of quantum communication is equivalent to 128 times the rate of the classical communication method. It is conceivable that if the transmission bandwidth is 64 bits or higher, the difference in efficiency will be amazing. Quantum computers have the potential to far exceed traditional computers in computing power. However, there are not many qubits that humans can manipulate at the same time, and quantum computers have not yet moved toward large-scale practicality.
In the quantum computing track, Western technology companies such as Google, Microsoft, and Intel have the first-mover advantage and continue to manipulate more qubits through different technological paths. In October last year, Google researchers published a paper in the BritishNaturemagazine, claiming that a quantum computing system was developed based on a quantum chip containing 54 qubits. It takes about 200 seconds to complete the task that the traditional supercomputer takes 10,000 years to complete. This was called quantum hegemony at the time, that is, allowing quantum computers to exceed traditional computers in computing power on a particular problem. Of course, some people in the industry have questions about relevant details. But there is no denying that Google's demonstration is proof of the concept of quantum computing.
Chinese researchers are also catching up on quantum computing. Universities such as the University of Science and Technology of China and Tsinghua University have achieved some stage results in the field of quantum computing in recent years. Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent, Huawei, and other technology companies have also introduced quantum computing research plans. In September this year, companies such as Baidu and Origin Quantum successively released their latest quantum computing cloud platforms, enabling ordinary users to use quantum computing through cloud technology.
Although quantum computers still have a long way to go before large-scale popularization, the relevant prospects are broad. Quantum computing will greatly promote the current development of artificial intelligence and its applications, which profoundly change many fields including basic education. In particular, with the help of quantum computing technology, mankind's understanding of the micro-world and the exploration of the macro world will be greatly expanded, which will lead to a fundamental improvement in human thinking ability.
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